Jade lapis lazuli jade material is lapis lazuli mineral composition, often with calcite, pyrite, sometimes a small amount of diopside. Afghanistan produces lapis lazuli jade material, the lapis lazuli mineral content of 25 ~ 40%. Jade is a unique blue color, dark blue, light blue and cyan. Opaque glass, to greasy luster. A hardness of 5.5, the proportion of 2.7 to 2.9. Blue and thick but not black, called” green gold”; blue and pyrite content than the lapis lazuli mineral, known as the “Jin Gelang”; light blue and white calcite ( generally do not contain pyrite ), called” the birth of stone” ( the name derives from the ancient with the lapis lazuli as ecbolic said ).
Lapis lazuli in ancient times referred to as” Qiu Lin” or” glass”, is used to make the emperor’s burial, because the color green, can reach the path. ” The loser” volume five:” the emperor’s home carrier, … … Glass treasures for turtle fish.” It is argued here that the” glass” is Lapis lazuli. But the ancients to discern the color gemstones,popular commodities
in quality, its color is similar, its quality is different, its name is still the same. Therefore Qin Shihuang’s tomb is lapis lazuli, also need to archaeologists to verify. Foreign student Hull Chi thinks, China in the year second Century ( Eastern Han ) had the lapis lazuli, and Zhang Hongzhao in the” stone” in Chinese, is considered three generation has been the beginning of. The dispute, is also to be in the majority of archaeologists to solve.
So far, China has not yet found the lapis lazuli origin. The famous ancient origin in Persia and the Soviet union. According to the record, Afghanistan and Soviet Area of Lake Baikal by the middle of the lapis lazuli, have entered china. If we in the tomb unearthed a lapis lazuli, the jade material sources instead of Afghanistan, there may be Lake Baikal.
Bi dianzi and malachite
” Histories side and summary” volume fifty-six contained:” Mount Tianzhu, state (Xingan, now Shaanxi Ankang county) west in fifty, under the Bi Tian, green the hole more than twenty, the Tang and Song dynasties all take tribute, Ming was shut.” Xia Xiangrong in” ancient Chinese generation mining development history” that:” in Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty not dianzi Bi, Bi Tian when no exception.” This is because the Turquoise ( n ) ( generally not associated with malachite green, also known as the” green” symbiosis” ), and silicon peacock stone” is often associated with Malachite symbiosis. Since the known and” Bi Tian” symbiosis is malachite, then” Bi Tian” or” Pitt dianzi” probably refers to” chrysocolla”.
Jade malachite is a secondary oxidized mineral, usually produced in the upper part of the oxidation zone of copper deposits. Malachite from a peacock green named, more blocky, stalactite, crusty and concentric banded. Hardness is 4 ~ 6, 3.9 ~ 4 proportion. Often with limonite,The reporter understands
calcite, manganese soil, chalcedony, chrysocolla and symbiosis.
Chrysocolla is a secondary mineral formed by a plurality, tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite by alkaline silicate solution formed by thermal effect. A green, blue and green to blue, often show opal or enamel shaped block, also has a earthy or grape. Hardness is 2 ~ 4, 2 ~ 2.24 proportion. And Malachite as opaque, glass to earthy luster. With Malachite difference in addition to chemical composition of different color than malachite, shallow and near blue ( close to Yu Lvsong stone ), weight and hardness are smaller than the malachite. In addition, chrysocolla and brittle, and Turquoise malachite and important differences in the characteristics of.
The ancients often turquoise, malachite and chrysocolla three categories. Many archaeologists today is still so, often mistaken for Turquoise malachite is not a few, should be in the identification of attention.
Gem
From a large number of archaeological data that, China unearthed jade materials is mainly traditional jade, but also with unearthed gems. Now some important gem of brief introduction to be as follows:
Diamond diamond mineralogy. Isometric, in the surface of the body eight, also has a twelve surface and the six eight surface of trapezoid body.south sea pearls The chemical composition for carbon. A hardness of 10, the proportion of 3.5 ~ 3.6, 2.40 ~ 2.48 refractive index. Before eighteenth Century, India is the only place in world diamond. Brazil diamond was discovered in 1728; African diamond was discovered in 1850. China’s Shandong diamond output, it is said that only two hundred or three hundred years of history. According to the” cultural heritage” in 1972 eleventh, 32 page story, the Eastern Jin Dynasty Tombs in Nanjing No. 7 Xiangshan, the inlaid with diamond ring, which is so far China unearthed the earliest diamond, according to the time it should be from Tianzhu products.