Beijing, November 16 (Reporter Bai Jianfeng ) recently , it was spread through the network and text message , a message said to have AIDS virus deliberately drop of blood to the hotel ‘s own food , some people have been infected.
this regard, the Ministry of Health issued a statement today , which is a typical rumor incident ,
Gloss and transparency
Opaque, polishing surface with bright shiny glass or subsets of adamantine luster.
Refractive index
1.762-1.770 ( + 0.009, – 0.005 ).
Double rate
0.008-0.010
Pleochroism
Having two colors, a general expression for the various shades of the color blue sapphire, ruby, two color is strong, other color sapphire mp.
The luminescence
Long wave ultraviolet light ruby red fluorescence can be found, and the intensity is higher than under long-wave short-wave, sunlight may also stimulate the red fluorescence, but Fe containing high fluorescence was weak. The sapphire no fluorescence, but containing Cr of Sri Lanka and the United States Montana sapphire sometimes pink fluorescence. While in Sri Lanka some yellow sapphire with apricot yellow or orange yellow fluorescence.
Hardness
Just red jade pendant corundum Mohs hardness is 9, is so far found in nature, hardness only to diamond second high hardness material.
Specific gravity
The majority of gem sample proportion changes in 3.99-4.00. Cr, Fe and other impurity elements affect the proportion value size, content is higher, the larger proportion of.
Melting point
High reaches 2000 to 2030 DEG c..
Corundum purging method
A brief history of the corundum corundum purification: Take 1 to 3 months to purify a. Even the opening also need regular cleaning this is a reason. Purification of the word in Latin and degaussing approximation, so called the degaussing. Many people often wonder why purification why degaussing, it is scientific and theological foundation. Purification is from the reform and opening up foreign in china.
Because of Taoism, Buddhism in Chinese culture influence, so feces, blood is considered very sacred, understand the history of that Zhang Jiao” the romance of the Three Kingdoms” chapter second” Liu Xuande cold splash dogs” in the article has introduced the need to prepare for the pig’s blood and Tiangui blood (women’s menstrual blood ). The romance of the Three Kingdoms is also described, Zhang Jiao had been broken, stool. In Tibet has a guest to use cow dung cleaning bowl of wine to celebrate. Buddhism in the nectar pills with the semen of men, women’s menstrual blood, and manure produced. So with the secularization of religion after the end of law era, many people understand become dirtier and more evil spirits.
This is the wrong understanding of Buddhism and Taoism profound meaning, but it also gives rise to the so-called long-term wear crystal, jade. Cultural industry is also the long-term wear process called” disc” that the longer the better, more intelligent and more, a lot of people think” disc” after dark, the color called” spectre” actually deep color is because dander tissue on the surface of articles exist for a long time after acidizing effect and the dark color, but scientifically, the dead skin tissue fungal growth, long-term do not wash is prone to skin disease and then evolved into skin cancer.
Now many people also have social scabies, because long-term do not wash, evil spirits increased spiritual view of the error. Corundum to regularly cleaning, because the physical properties of corundum decision can not use acidic or alkaline, cleaning agents, therefore in science with defense salt that neutral cleaning agent is correct and safe. Is the natural spar, jade has a crack, but artificial treatment filler and defense because salt can produce a reaction, so the commercial abandoned, with production in Japan because of so many blind xenophobic people hate.
Corundum purification method:
1: removing the need for purification of 1.
2: each bracelet or necklace with 10 grams of salt Charm
3: if using specialized cleansing bowl does not need to calculate the dosage of water, if it is used commonly in the home of a glass bowl, bowl, in accordance with the needs of each Bracelet 500 grams of water proportion increase. Water does not have mineral water, purified water, general water can. This is because the defense salt purification ability, far higher than the geode, so do not have strict requirements on the degaussing supplies.
4: if you need to pray, such as money, for marriage, happiness, in the completion step, remove” defense Xuan” also called charm charm Xuan paper, seal side to write on their birthday, wishes. Put the paper in the container. Paper can be folded. If you do not need to pray, to directly follow the fifth steps can be.
5: put the bracelet on ready to bowl, if the container has a charm for paper, put the bracelet on paper, into the water. If there is a filtering tool best defense salt on filtering tool, the tool into the water after filtration. The use of filtering tools to remove impurities and dust particles scratch tiger crystal.
6: waiting for 24 hours can be demagnetized. Waiting time can be more than 24 hours and 24 hours, but not short.
7: the purification used brine drained, the charm of paper dry out, after burning.
Note: corundum degaussing a continuous band 1 to 3 months. Frequent degaussing no harm. Salt sea salt, rock salt, charm is not big, but from the sea into the extraction processing. So the natural corundum no corrosive action.
Hair coloring design errors Q & A
Ask: hair coloring swatches bigger, more elegant, more colorful. Is it right??
Answer : not exactly. First, color is a hairdresser on color design tool, not a salon decorations,
It is not used to allow customers to choose their own color standard color card.
In foreign countries,梳頭
many hair coloring agent manufacturers usually swatches made portability card or can be optionally with Xie hanging plate.
No matter what form, is to facilitate the hair coloring design and customer communication, simply the pursuit of exquisite luxury on our performance
Will not generate much drive.
Generally speaking, the color swatches in more than 6, 15 the following, too much or too little of no practical significance.
But color is the most complicated mixed shall not exceed three color and two color mixing, for example: red ( three color .)
Plus purple ( two color purple ( one ) are one of three colors ).
Question two: how to classify the dyeing cream?
Answer:防治脫髮
we will all colors into the target color and color two categories. According to the different classification methods,
Classification is as follows:
According to the color: color, enhance color, fashion color, other colors
According to the composition classification: acidic dye paste, alkaline dye paste
Question three: hair coloring operation from the neck head item sequence applicator or reverse direction?
Answer: it depends on your target color is deep dyeing or staining light.
If it is the deep dyeing, usually de novo to cervical operation; if it is dyed light, generally from the neck head operation,
At the same time, hairline and rotary part of the hair to the last applicator. The whole operation is completed and then return to the head check operation effect.
Question four: dyeing or bleaching the hair coloring agent very slowly, okay?
Answer: decolorization speed and off color is not able to truly experience the dye quality, because the hair coloring process, the effect of color in the hair above the length of time, in addition to product quality factors and technical operation and other factors.洗頭水
So not only never discoloration or bleaching is slow to judge good hair coloring agent.
If it is only after a hair coloring and does not take any color and complementary means.
In two cases:
The 1 use of the good quality of products, the use of technology to.
The 2 use of the product is with direct dye composition, using the technique of right.
As we all know,強生嬰兒 the normal artificial coloring hair coloring agent can maintain 15 – 20 times to wash the hair, after the color will vary a lot.
Only with direct dye composition of the hair coloring agent can in the case above dyeing or bleaching is very slow.
And now in the market the most common artificial coloring agents through a set of color and color scheme can make the color
Maintain 20 above until permanent shampoo.
Is conducive to hair growth food collection
Is conducive to hair growth food green vegetables: spinach, leek, celery, bell pepper, green asparagus, green vegetables can beautify the skin, helps the melanin, make the hair to keep black, and, as a result of these vegetables are rich in fiber, can continue to increase the quantity of hair. Soybean beans: can rise to increase the luster of the hair, elastic and smooth effect, prevent the bifurcation or fracture. Seaweed seaweed, kelp, Undaria pinnatifida: contains rich calcium, potassium, iodine and other substances.
洗髮水
The new supersedes the old. Can promote brain nerve cells, but also the prevention of white hair.
Not conducive to hair growth food cakes, snack foods, carbonated beverages, ice cream. Most of these young women like food, if eating too much, can affect the normal growth of hair, prone to rolling code or hair. Too much smoking will affect the growth of the hair.
Chang Yangfa is good for your hair food:
Want to make hair and not rely on ordinary comb, wash, perm, dyeing, should also be from the food intake and reasonable nutrition. Rice,寶寶洗頭
corn, sorghum, wheat, beans are rich in vitamin B group, is to protect the hair and essential nutrients; all kinds of vegetable oil, animal fat, eggs, bean products, aquatic products can enhance the elasticity, so that soft; eat vegetables, fruit, peanuts, red dates, nucleolus, melon seeds, sunflower seeds such as food can enhance color, make hair more black. Therefore, pay attention to diet, is also the comprehensive measures of prevention and cure the indispensable link in.
Hair is mainly composed of keratin, containing a variety of amino acids and several kinds of trace elements, if iron deficiency and protein hair turns yellow and bifurcation; lack of vegetable oil, vitamin A, protein and iodine, hair dry, dull and easily broken; lack of vitamin B group will appear when the seborrheic dermatitis and hair shedding phenomenon.
So we should eat the food:
1 should eat eggs, milk, sour proteins: lean meat, beans, fish and shellfish, such as yeast.
2 should eat vegetables,頭髮
強生嬰兒洗頭水 fruits containing many forms: trace elements necessary for hair.
3 should eat vitamin B6, vitamin E: B6 and E prevent white hair and hair growth promoting effect, such as cereals, peanuts, beans, bananas, honey, yeast, egg and pork liver.
Growing up
1 babies grow more slowly than others
The baby was born a week there will be ” physiological drop pounds”, body weight reduced, if measuring the weight of the baby, born second weeks have yet to return to birth weight, it is necessary to pay attention to whether there are abnormal; generally speaking, the baby born after second weeks, weight increase of about 150 grams per week. After that, we can control growth curve, understand the baby’s growth.
Growth curve of the horizontal line is the growth of the baby ‘s age, height, weight, head circumference line. Each measurement baby height, weight, head circumference, the control column according to age, digital draw a point; continuous measurement of a few times, these points are connected to the curve is the growth curve. Athletes on the manual reference curve is measured, many baby growth drawn by the growth curve, baby in 100 the same age children, third to last, is 300 bits. However, the measurement of the baby was to drink formula milk,嬰兒弱智的主要原因
if fully breastfed baby, the first 3 ~ 4 months weight than the reference curve is shown quickly, but after 4 ~ 6 months after weight increases slowly, even growth curve to decrease, but still be healthy.
The baby ‘s growth speed is not with others, and not the growth curve of 9700 quarter than 300 bits long well, some babies born on a thin, if the growth curve is in the 300 position, but according to the growth curve speed growing, is normal. And each measure, on the next line difference is acceptable. Dr. Chen Zhicheng said, if the baby ‘s growth curve down two lines will be noticed ( such as: from 7500 to 5000 bits, a 2500 bit ). Medically defined weight less than 300 points for growth retardation, need for physicians to assess, usually first consultation department of Gastroenterology, determination of nutrient uptake is no problem, then find endocrinologist check.
2 babies have a fever
The baby have a fever just an index, the baby was very ill but may not have a fever, Dr. Lv Shicun said, judge the baby didn’t get sick, can from the activity, jaundice, overflows, growth and so on, but if the baby have a fever should pay special attention, there may be otitis media, urinary tract infection symptoms, to hospital.
3 in the middle of the night crying
In the middle of the night crying baby : Causes and solutions:
( 1) used to. Common in the children during the day and let baby sleep more, causing the night would not sleep. Suggest the best adjustment physiological clock delay time to sleep,嬰兒弱智
try to let your baby sleep less during the day, night till sleepy sleep again.
( 2) physiological. Such as the diaper is wet, hungry stomach, flatulence, colic intussusception, etc.. Li Zhaohui care long said, when the baby cries and screams, first check whether the baby hungry, wet diapers or so; if not the above reasons, can hold the baby with a pacifier or. Because the baby oral stage if it has not been possible to meet, to create a sense of trust. But pacifier use, may have the tooth deformation or mouth shape.
As for the crying baby to drink milk, do not recommend the use of pacifiers, lest cause nipple confusion, just allow the baby to suck the mother’s nipple.
( 3) stomach distension.嬰兒
If the baby belly bulging, the film when there is” pop” sound, may be flatulence, doctor proposal, can hold the baby for a walk, or putting the baby in the infant seat, driving a few laps; so also can eliminate flatulence.
Or in baby’s tummy belly massage apply balm, but mainly by massage baby belly to eliminate flatulence. Chen Zhicheng recommended that, in Wen Biao the anal with soap and water or lubricant, insert the baby anus stimulus exhaust, but best not used.
If the baby was crying and the number of positions there is increasing, and even the emergence of bloody stool passage situation,強生嬰兒洗頭水 there may be a risk of intussusception, must be sent as soon as possible medical ultrasound or X-ray examination, otherwise the risk of rupture of the intestine.
Sapphire gem corundum, is in addition to the ruby red, other colors of corundum is known, the main component is alumina ( Al2O3 ). Blue sapphire, is the result of which is mixed with a small amount of titanium ( Ti ) and iron ( Fe ) impurity; sapphire color, pink, yellow, can have green, white, and even in the same stone has a variety of colors. The origin of the sapphire in Thailand, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Laos, Kampuchea, one of the most rare origin should belong to Kashmir sapphire, while Burma is now produced the most superior sapphire.
Brief introduction
Sapphire English name for the Sapphire, derived from the Latin word Spphins, meaning blue. Belongs to the corundum group minerals, three crystal system. The ruby gemstone colored gem just are called sapphire.
Corundum for containing iron ( Fe ) and titanium ( Ti ) and other trace elements, and shows blue, sky blue, light blue color, with bright blue sky is the best.Malachite green
Natural sapphire can be divided into blue sapphire and the bright color ( blue ) sapphire. Gemstones on the market to the deep blue with purple sapphire called” male sapphire, sapphire is called” light” female sapphire”.
The international gemstone sapphire as the” September birthday stone”, symbol of loyalty and devotion. Sapphire is said to protect the land and kings from harm,” the imperial stone ” is called.
Sapphire, the world’s largest star sapphire is the” star of India” ( Star of India ), weighing 563 carats. The six shooting stars be the pink of perfection, and glitches with minimal, although the color is not bright, but also do not regarded as rare treasures. Gem back also shows almost the same stars.
Star Sapphire is also called star sapphire, mostly opaque to translucent. Gem in the silky inclusions ( elongated needle-like rutile crystal ) is to produce six rayed star causes. Star Sapphire because of its bright star color and was known as the “stone of destiny”, three star represents loyalty, hope and love. China in Xinjiang Tianshan area discovered a rare natural sapphire with discoloration effect, in the sunshine under the light purple, yellow, and belongs to the natural sapphire new varieties, but also one of the best quality sapphire.
Burma northeast of Mandalay city and valley (Mogok ) in the vicinity of the main producing areas of quality sapphire. China’s Shandong province Changle sapphire in the reserves and quality are both in the domestic first. Changle is the largest reserves of the world’s four largest sapphire origin one, more is the only thing in the world to produce the bright color of singular sapphire place,lower Turquoise
have the reputation of all gems! Sapphire sapphire is a beautiful, transparent gem corundum Spanish name is Zafiro. The United States and China stone.
Sapphire crystal clear with the beautiful colors, ancient people were on the mysterious and supernatural color, being regarded as auspicious objects. As early as in ancient Egypt, ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and the Scandinavian countries, were used to decorate mosques, churches and monasteries, and carry and as a religious ceremony. It had also become pearls and diamonds, the king of the British Empire, the Russian Tsar crown and dress indispensable ornament.
Since nearly a hundred years since the gem into folk, sapphire were among the world’s five major Jane Chen stone columns, are precious gem products. The Gemological definition sapphire as the September’s birthstone. Japanese as a wedding anniversary for the 23 ( sapphire ), 26 years ( Star Sapphire ) souvenirs.
Sapphire mineral name corundum, corundum family of minerals. In fact the nature of the gem corundum except red called ruby, various other colors such as blue, light blue, green, yellow, gray, colorless, are called sapphire. Sapphire chemical composition ( AL2O3 ),jewelry factory mainly in Fe, Ti, coloring.
Sapphire crystal belongs to the three party system, with six parties, as shown by the lattice constant is: a = b = 4.758A, C = 12.991A
The refractive index 1.762-1.770
Birefringence: 0.008 ~ 0.010
Uniaxial crystal optical negative [2 ], individual cases with abnormalities of the two axis crystal light
Gloss: bright shiny glass to sub adamantine luster
Pleochroism: colored sapphire has a two color, generally, dark blue, light blue, blue, blue / green, blue, yellow sapphire has a yellow / orange / yellow, light yellow, light yellow / colorless, etc..
The sapphire origin are not many, mainly in Burma, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Australia, Denmark, China, but gem quality in Burma, Sri Lanka, best quality. Thailand times
Coral is a marine cylindric coelenterate, on white larvae stage is fixed in the ancestors of calcareous remains on a heap of coral, coral corals secrete shells, coral chemical composition mainly for CaCO3, with microcrystalline calcite aggregates form, composition and a certain amount of organic matter, form a tree shape, with vertical stripes, each single coral cross-sectional concentric and radial streaks of color, usually white, there are also a small number of black and blue, coral not only image like branches, brightly colored beauty, ornament, and has high medicinal value.
Species profile
Coral Persian xuruhak translation, Chinese ” Coral” the narrow sense refers to the” Coral”, a form of generalized” Coral” predatory marine plankton Alcyonarian; and generalized ” Coral” it is not a single organism, it is composed of numerous polyps and their secretions and bones. Combination, which is called a vegetable” coral tree” and a mineral” coral reef”.
The Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf ancient can produce coral, as medicinal materials and decorations. Su Gong said: the South China Sea coral student, from Persia and lion country. Kou Zong said: the Persian kingdom in sea coral island. The sea by large ships,
jewelry factory
iron net bottom from falling. Coral ‘ rock, such as the white. An old yellow, becomes two years old red. Staggered four feet tall stems. No water to iron out of the root, is the network ship, wring out of. Time is not taken, the rot moth. Chinese ancient history” translation
Colorful coral beautiful album ( 18 ) meaning”,” foreign”,” pass the marvels”, many records.
Precious coral red, pink, orange red. Red is a result of coral growth in the course of absorbed in the water about 1% iron oxide and form, black is because of containing organic matter. A shiny glass to waxy luster, opaque to translucent, refractive index 1.481.66. 3.54 hardness, density 2.62.7g / cm3, black coral lower density, 1.34g / cm3. Brittle. Strong blistering in hydrochloric acid. No fluorescence.
Coral image like branches, brightly colored beauty, ornament.
The ancient Romans believed that coral has to prevent disaster, wise, hemostasis and heat radiating function. Its relationship with Buddhism submarine colorful anemone coral Group [1] close, India and Chinese Tibet Buddhists considered red coral is the incarnation of Buddha, they put the coral as offering the Buddha ‘s mascot, used for beads, or for decorative statues, south sea pearls
is highly prized jewellery gemstone varieties. Coral is the Cnidaria Anthozoa ( Cnidaria ) ( Anthozoa ) marine invertebrates. Characterized as having calcareous, horny or leathery within skeletal or exoskeleton. The term also refers to the coral animal bones, especially the calcareous.
Stone ( stone coral coral ( Madreporaria or Scleractinia ) ) has about 1000 species; black corals and coral thorn ( antipatharia ) ( Antipatharia ) of about 100 species of coral ( or Cape Coral; Liu, Liu coral ( Gorgonacea ) ) of about 1200; and the blue coral ( blue coral ( Coenothecalia only ) ) a kind of.
Corals only Hydra type individual, into a hollow cylindrical, is attached to the object’s surface, the top export, enclosed by one or more laps tentacle. Tentacle to gather food, can be a certain degree of stretching, there are specialized cells ( spiny cells ), spiny cells stimulated in Chrysanthemum shrimp tiger above coral waiting for prey appears out of nematocyst, with barbed wire paralyze prey.
Egg and sperm by a diaphragm on the reproductive glands to produce, through the mouth into the sea. Fertilization occurs in the water, sometimes also occur in gastric circular cavity. Normally fertilized only occurs in individuals from different eggs and sperm.golden south sea pearls The zygote is covered with ciliated planula larvae, can swim. A few days to a few weeks after fixed to the solid surface develops into hydra. Can also budding approach to reproductive, bud formation is not with the original Hydra separation. Bud formation and growth continuously, then multiply into groups. The new polyp growth, below the old Hydra death, but bone remained in groups. Soft coral, coral and Coral Blue Willow for community life.
Each in the group Hydra each have 8 tentacles, gastric bypass cavity having a 8 diaphragm, wherein the 6 diaphragm cilia to flow into the gastrovascular cavity, the other two diaphragm cilia to lead gastrovascular cavity flow. Skeleton for internal skeleton. Soft corals are widely distributed, the skeleton consists of separate calcareous spicules. Some species are discoid, others have fingerlike projections ( such as comb ( Alcyonium ) is a species, commonly known as the finger).
Cape Coral in tropical shallow water in abundance, shape of a ribbon or branching, length up to 3 meters ( 10 feet). Cape Coral include so-called precious coral ( also known as the red coral, coral roses ), can be used as decorations, among the common types of Mediterranean general coral polyps in profile of red coral ( Corallium rubrum ). Blue coral ( Heliopora coerula, dark green, blue coral ) are found in India and Pacific oceans in stone corals reefs, forming up to 2 meters in diameter block.
Jade lapis lazuli jade material is lapis lazuli mineral composition, often with calcite, pyrite, sometimes a small amount of diopside. Afghanistan produces lapis lazuli jade material, the lapis lazuli mineral content of 25 ~ 40%. Jade is a unique blue color, dark blue, light blue and cyan. Opaque glass, to greasy luster. A hardness of 5.5, the proportion of 2.7 to 2.9. Blue and thick but not black, called” green gold”; blue and pyrite content than the lapis lazuli mineral, known as the “Jin Gelang”; light blue and white calcite ( generally do not contain pyrite ), called” the birth of stone” ( the name derives from the ancient with the lapis lazuli as ecbolic said ).
Lapis lazuli in ancient times referred to as” Qiu Lin” or” glass”, is used to make the emperor’s burial, because the color green, can reach the path. ” The loser” volume five:” the emperor’s home carrier, … … Glass treasures for turtle fish.” It is argued here that the” glass” is Lapis lazuli. But the ancients to discern the color gemstones,popular commodities
in quality, its color is similar, its quality is different, its name is still the same. Therefore Qin Shihuang’s tomb is lapis lazuli, also need to archaeologists to verify. Foreign student Hull Chi thinks, China in the year second Century ( Eastern Han ) had the lapis lazuli, and Zhang Hongzhao in the” stone” in Chinese, is considered three generation has been the beginning of. The dispute, is also to be in the majority of archaeologists to solve.
So far, China has not yet found the lapis lazuli origin. The famous ancient origin in Persia and the Soviet union. According to the record, Afghanistan and Soviet Area of Lake Baikal by the middle of the lapis lazuli, have entered china. If we in the tomb unearthed a lapis lazuli, the jade material sources instead of Afghanistan, there may be Lake Baikal.
Bi dianzi and malachite
” Histories side and summary” volume fifty-six contained:” Mount Tianzhu, state (Xingan, now Shaanxi Ankang county) west in fifty, under the Bi Tian, green the hole more than twenty, the Tang and Song dynasties all take tribute, Ming was shut.” Xia Xiangrong in” ancient Chinese generation mining development history” that:” in Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty not dianzi Bi, Bi Tian when no exception.” This is because the Turquoise ( n ) ( generally not associated with malachite green, also known as the” green” symbiosis” ), and silicon peacock stone” is often associated with Malachite symbiosis. Since the known and” Bi Tian” symbiosis is malachite, then” Bi Tian” or” Pitt dianzi” probably refers to” chrysocolla”.
Jade malachite is a secondary oxidized mineral, usually produced in the upper part of the oxidation zone of copper deposits. Malachite from a peacock green named, more blocky, stalactite, crusty and concentric banded. Hardness is 4 ~ 6, 3.9 ~ 4 proportion. Often with limonite,The reporter understands
calcite, manganese soil, chalcedony, chrysocolla and symbiosis.
Chrysocolla is a secondary mineral formed by a plurality, tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite by alkaline silicate solution formed by thermal effect. A green, blue and green to blue, often show opal or enamel shaped block, also has a earthy or grape. Hardness is 2 ~ 4, 2 ~ 2.24 proportion. And Malachite as opaque, glass to earthy luster. With Malachite difference in addition to chemical composition of different color than malachite, shallow and near blue ( close to Yu Lvsong stone ), weight and hardness are smaller than the malachite. In addition, chrysocolla and brittle, and Turquoise malachite and important differences in the characteristics of.
The ancients often turquoise, malachite and chrysocolla three categories. Many archaeologists today is still so, often mistaken for Turquoise malachite is not a few, should be in the identification of attention.
Gem
From a large number of archaeological data that, China unearthed jade materials is mainly traditional jade, but also with unearthed gems. Now some important gem of brief introduction to be as follows:
Diamond diamond mineralogy. Isometric, in the surface of the body eight, also has a twelve surface and the six eight surface of trapezoid body.south sea pearls The chemical composition for carbon. A hardness of 10, the proportion of 3.5 ~ 3.6, 2.40 ~ 2.48 refractive index. Before eighteenth Century, India is the only place in world diamond. Brazil diamond was discovered in 1728; African diamond was discovered in 1850. China’s Shandong diamond output, it is said that only two hundred or three hundred years of history. According to the” cultural heritage” in 1972 eleventh, 32 page story, the Eastern Jin Dynasty Tombs in Nanjing No. 7 Xiangshan, the inlaid with diamond ring, which is so far China unearthed the earliest diamond, according to the time it should be from Tianzhu products.
Spinel is magnesium aluminum oxide mineral consisting of magnesium, iron, because, zinc, manganese and so on elements, they can be divided into many kinds, such as aluminum, iron, zinc spinel spinel spinel, manganese spinel, chrome spinel etc.. As with different elements,develop orbit
different spinel can have different colors, such as red, blue, magnesia spinel in green, brown or colorless; zinc spinel is dark green; iron spinel for black and so on. Spinel is a hard glassy surface of the body eight or the particles and block. They appear in igneous rocks, granitic pegmatite and metamorphic limestone. Some transparent and beautiful color spinel used as gemstones, some as iron magnetic material. The use of artificial methods have been created more than 200 varieties of spinel.
Spinel ( Spinel )
Chemical formula MgAl2O4, magnesium oxide
System : the genus isometric
Crystal habit: often assumes the eight surface forms, sometimes eight surface body and the diamond twelve surface body, cube into poly form
Cleavage: no cleavage
Fracture: conchoidal fracture
Gloss: vitreous luster to sub adamantine luster
Transparency: transparent to opaque
Refractive index: 1.718, because it contains trace elements to vary up to 2 unique index.
Light: the homogeneous, isotropic
Dispersion: 0.020 medium dispersion
Absorption spectrum: red spinel by chromium induced color, with a typical spectrum in the red light district of 686nm, 675nm showed 2 main absorption lines, sometimes with other absorption lines long, up to 8, the green and purple areas generally absorb; Blue Spinel because of low Fe, and display complex spectrum
Color: the color and rich,adjust price
red, blue, green, purple, orange, yellow, black
Luminescence: red or pink spinel in the long, short wave has dark red fluorescence; blue for Fe, does not fluoresce
Pleochroism: no
Contents: eight surface shape is often contain spinel, columnar zircon and apatite solid inclusion and more gas liquid or surface of the body eight negative crystal inclusions. Sometimes the zircon around the disc stress crack.
Cut: no optical effects of gems into facet model
Special optical effects: Starlight effect ( rugose or six shot ), the discoloration effect. Scarce
Hardness: 8
Density: 3.60 ( + 0.10, – 0.03 ) g / cm3
Origin: Burma,jewelry factory Sri Lanka, Kampuchea, Thailand and China ‘s Henan, Hebei, Fujian, Xinjiang, Yunnan
The main synthetic methods: flame dissolution method
Synthetic spinel authentication method: RI-1.727 ( single refraction, relatively stable ) with typical Blue Spinel cobalt spectrum, in red, orange, green area of 3 strong absorption bands, the cobalt color Blue Spinel red color filter, visible internal curved growth pattern, bubble shape is umbrella-shaped, elongated shape or different shapes.
Spinel is a mineral, in nature, is formed in the molten magma intruded into the impure limestone or dolomite formed by contact metamorphism in. Some appear in the aluminum rich mafic magma rock in. Gem spinel refers to spinel, is a kind of magnesium oxide. Crystal morphology of eight surface and the eight surface and the twelve surface of poly shape diamond. Color is rich and colorful, colorless, pink, red, purple red, light purple, blue and purple, blue, yellow, brown.
Spinel varieties are divided according to color, have red, orange, blue and purple, Blue Spinel etc.. Vitreous luster, transparent. Conchoidal fracture. Pink and red spinel in the long, short wave ultra-violet light with red fluorescence. Features
Spinel and similar gems, synthetic spinel difference. Red spinel and ruby are very similar, there are two difference: ruby color, color is not uniform, with a silk like inclusions. Spinel is homogeneous, without the two color, color uniform, solid inclusion for the eight face of the body.
Blue, blue, purple, green, and Blue Spinel sapphire to confuse, difference: sapphire two color obviously, ribbon flat, with a silk like inclusions and twinning plane. Gem two density, refractive index, polarity is different.
Synthetic spinel colors, uniform, fewer inclusions, occasionally with an arc line of growth, high refractive index, 1.727. Red synthetic spinel much imitation ruby red, Blue Spinel with brilliant blue. Natural spinel can also according to the internal inclusion characteristics and synthetic spinel difference.